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<title>Larry Devlin</title>
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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Larry Devlin</span></span>
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<p><b>Lawrence Raymond Devlin</b> (June 18, 1922 – December 6, 2008),<sup id="cite_ref-Shane2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shane2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as <b>Larry Devlin</b>, was a <a href="Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) field officer. Stationed for many years in <a href="Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, he was <a href="CIA_station_chief" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA station chief">CIA station chief</a> in the <a href="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> during the <a href="Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a>.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div>
<p>Devlin was raised in <a href="California" title="California">California</a> and joined the U.S. Army during World War II, rising to the rank of <a href="Captain_(United_States)" title="Captain (United States)">captain</a>. Devlin served for two years in North Africa, Italy and Southern France where he met his first wife, Colette Porteret, an ambulance driver with the Free French forces.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He entered service with the CIA in 1949, having been recruited out of his Harvard doctoral program by <a href="McGeorge_Bundy" title="McGeorge Bundy">McGeorge Bundy</a>.
</p><p>Devlin became chief of station in Congo in July 1960, a mere 10 days after the country's independence from <a href="Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and shortly before Prime Minister <a href="Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a>'s two-month term in office, dismissal from power and ultimate execution. In his memoir, Devlin reveals that late in 1960, he received instructions from an agent ("<a href="Sid_Gottlieb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sid Gottlieb">Joe from Paris</a>") who was relaying instructions from CIA headquarters that he (Devlin) was to effect the assassination of Lumumba. Various poisons, including one secreted in a tube of toothpaste, were proffered. The directive had come from the CIA Deputy Chief of Plans <a href="Richard_M._Bissell%2C_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Bissell, Jr.">Dick Bissell</a>, but Devlin wanted to know if it had originated at a higher level and if so, how high. "Joe" had been given to understand that it had come from President <a href="Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, but Devlin never knew for sure. Devlin wrote (and said in public speaking engagements) that he felt an assassination would have been "morally wrong" and likely to backfire and work against U.S. interests.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the event, he temporized, neglecting to act, and Lumumba was ultimately murdered by his enemies in <a href="Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a>, allegedly with Belgian government participation and U.S. help.
</p><p>Devlin supported Congolese dictator <a href="Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu Sese Seko</a> in his two coups (14 September 1960 and 24 November 1965). He maintained that it was not a mistake for the U.S. to support this anti-communist, pro-Western strongman in light of larger Cold War concerns. Devlin claimed that his (CIA) support was expressed after Mobutu's September 14 <a href="Coup_d'%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>. This is contradicted, however, by evidence that CIA orchestrated Leopoldville newspaper headlines against Lumumba, organized union protests against him and mass demonstrations to remove him from power. At the time, the newly independent Congo was undergoing four secessionist movements, the strongest backed by the Belgian government and in particular the Katanga Mining Union (<a href="Union_Mini%C3%A8re_du_Haut_Katanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Minière du Haut Katanga">Union Minière du Haut Katanga</a>) producing 70% of the Congo's wealth.
</p><p>Prime Minister Lumumba sought assistance from the US and the <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) to bring in a peace-keeping force until a settlement could be negotiated with Katanga, but the request was denied. The UN Force in the Congo at that time was only to assist in the operational function of the new government. Lumumba then threatened to seek Soviet assistance to end the Katanga secession, followed by the staunchly anti-communist General Mobutu's September 14 coup d'état, ousting Prime Minister Lumumba and President <a href="Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a> from power. However, Mobutu allowed Kasa-Vubu to remain in power as Kasa-Vubu had never been supportive of separation from Belgium i.e. western influence.
</p><p>Lumumba was placed under house arrest under UN protection, but the building was surrounded by Congolese soldiers. With his life under threat, Lumumba attempted to escape in the back of a diplomat's car hoping to reach his supporters in Stanleyville. General Mobutu's soldiers were waiting for him at a roadblock, however; they captured and turned him over to the Belgian military in Katanga Province who tortured and executed him.
</p><p>Later, Devlin served as station chief in <a href="Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, where he led the secret war against communist guerillas, the <a href="Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a>. Then he was chief, Africa Division. He retired from service with the CIA in 1974.
</p><p>Subsequent to his CIA employment, Devlin settled with his wife in the Congo and became the business agent of <a href="Maurice_Tempelsman" title="Maurice Tempelsman">Maurice Tempelsman</a>, the <a href="Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>, <a href="Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> and <a href="Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> booker,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who advised the Mobutu Government on its dealings. Devlin also socialized widely in the expatriate community of Kinshasa during the late 1970s and early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
In later life, Devlin divided his time between Virginia and <a href="Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, France.
</p>
<ul><li>Devlin's book <i>Chief of Station, Congo</i> is his account of his firsthand experiences and observations in the Congo during the <a href="Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Devlin2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devlin2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Seth_Greenland" title="Seth Greenland">Seth Greenland</a>'s satirical 1997 play <i>Jungle Rot<sup id="cite_ref-Greenland1997_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenland1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> appears to be loosely based on Devlin's tenure in the Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-Shane2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shane2008_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFShane2008" class="citation cs2">Shane, Scott (2008-12-11), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/12/washington/12devlin.html">"Lawrence R. Devlin, 86, C.I.A. Officer Who Balked on a Congo Plot, Is Dead"</a>, <i>New York Times</i></cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShane2008" class="citation news cs1">Shane, Scott (12 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/12/washington/12devlin.html">"Lawrence R. Devlin, 86, C.I.A. Officer Who Balked on a Congo Plot, is Dead"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Tim_Weiner" title="Tim Weiner">Weiner, Tim</a> (2007), <i><a href="Legacy_of_Ashes%3A_The_History_of_the_CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA">Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA</a></i>, <a href="Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>, pg 163.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">Cynthia McKinney</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=naNuDwAAQBAJ&dq=How+the+Us+Creates+%22sh%2Athole%22+Countries+von+Cynthia+McKinney&pg=PT3">How the US Creates “Sh*thole” Countries.</a></i> Clarity Press, 2018.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silverstein, Ken (April 23, 2001). "Diamonds of Death". The Nation. Retrieved May 19, 2014.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Devlin2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Devlin2007_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDevlin2007" class="citation cs2">Devlin, Larry (2007), <i>Chief of station, Congo : a memoir of 1960-67</i>, New York: PublicAffairs, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-58648-405-7</bdi></cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Greenland1997-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenland1997_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGreenland1997" class="citation cs2">Greenland, Seth (1997), <i>Jungle Rot</i>, New York: Dramatists Play Service, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8222-1570-5</bdi></cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194646/http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsG/GreenlandSeth.htm">"Seth Greenland"</a>, <i>Playwrights Database</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsG/GreenlandSeth.htm">the original</a> on 2007-09-27</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7871892">'Chief of Station' Recalls Congo During Cold War</a> March 13, 2007 <i><a href="Fresh_Air" title="Fresh Air">Fresh Air</a></i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/audio_video/programmes/correspondent/transcripts/974745.txt">Transcript of Correspondent: Who Killed Lumumba?</a>, featuring Devlin</li></ul>
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</style><div id="Congo_Crisis_(1960–1965)5880" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a> (1960–1965)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Cyrille_Adoula" title="Cyrille Adoula">Cyrille Adoula</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Egide Bocheley-Davidson</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens">Gaston Eyskens</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Christophe_Gbenye" title="Christophe Gbenye">Christophe Gbenye</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Albert_Kalonji" title="Albert Kalonji">Albert Kalonji</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Joseph_Kasa-Vubu" title="Joseph Kasa-Vubu">Joseph Kasa-Vubu</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Th%C3%A9o_Lef%C3%A8vre" title="Théo Lefèvre">Théo Lefèvre</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Patrice_Lumumba" title="Patrice Lumumba">Patrice Lumumba</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Joseph-Désiré Mobutu</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Pierre_Mulele" title="Pierre Mulele">Pierre Mulele</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Gaston Soumialot</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mo%C3%AFse_Tshombe" title="Moïse Tshombe">Moïse Tshombe</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Congolese<br>government forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Congolese_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Congolese National Army">Armée Nationale Congolaise (ANC)</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Rebel forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Katangese_Gendarmerie" title="Katangese Gendarmerie">Katangese Gendarmerie</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai forces</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Armée Populaire de Libération ("Simbas")</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">UN contingent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">United Nations Operation in the Congo</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo#Canadian_Army_involvement" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">Canada</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo#Irish_Army_involvement" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">Ireland</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo#Swedish_Army_involvement" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">Sweden</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo#Indian_Army_leadership_and_involvement" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">India</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo#Ethiopia" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">Ethiopia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo#Ghana,_Nigeria,_Egypt" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">Ghana, Nigeria and Egypt</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="CIA_activities_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="CIA activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">CIA</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Belgian /<br>mercenary units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mercenaries_and_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mercenaries</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="2nd_Commando_Battalion_(Belgium)" title="2nd Commando Battalion (Belgium)">2nd Commando Battalion (Belgium)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="4th_Commando_Battalion_(Belgium)" title="4th Commando Battalion (Belgium)">4th Commando Battalion (Belgium)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">6th Commando Battalion (Belgium)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">White Legion (Compagnie Internationale)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">5 Mechanised Brigade</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="4_Commando_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="4 Commando (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">4 Commando</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="5_Commando_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="5 Commando (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">5 Commando</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="6_Commando_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="6 Commando (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">6 Commando</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">9 Commando</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">11 Commando</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">12 Commando</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">13 Commando</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">14 Commando</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">15 Commando</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">211th Makasi Squadron</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Cuban Exile Naval Force</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Conor_Cruise_O'Brien" title="Conor Cruise O'Brien">Conor Cruise O'Brien</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="K.A.S._Raja" title="K.A.S. Raja">K.A.S. Raja</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Dewan_Prem_Chand" title="Dewan Prem Chand">Dewan Prem Chand</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Pat_Quinlan_(Irish_Army_officer)" title="Pat Quinlan (Irish Army officer)">Pat Quinlan</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Congolese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Louis_Bobozo" title="Louis Bobozo">Louis Bobozo</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Joseph-Désiré Mobutu</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Norbert Moke</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belgian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap">Jean-Marie Crèvecoeur</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Jules Crèvecoeur</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Marc_Goosens" title="Marc Goosens">Marc Goosens</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Jean_Schramme" title="Jean Schramme">Jean Schramme</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Vandewalle" title="Frédéric Vandewalle">Frédéric Vandewalle</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Mercenary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Bob_Denard" title="Bob Denard">Bob Denard</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Roger_Faulques" title="Roger Faulques">Roger Faulques</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Charles Gardien</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Hans Germani</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mad_Mike_Hoare" title="Mad Mike Hoare">Mike Hoare</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hubert_Fauntleroy_Julian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert Fauntleroy Julian">Hubert Fauntleroy Julian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Jack_Malloch" title="Jack Malloch">Jack Malloch</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Siegfried_M%C3%BCller_(mercenary)" title="Siegfried Müller (mercenary)">Siegfried Müller</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">John Peters</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Jerry Puren</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Roger_Trinquier" title="Roger Trinquier">Roger Trinquier</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Hugh van Oppen</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="William_%22Rip%22_Robertson" title="William "Rip" Robertson">William "Rip" Robertson</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Che_Guevara#African_Congo" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Main operations /<br>battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1960_Force_Publique_mutinies" title="1960 Force Publique mutinies">Force Publique mutinies</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Secession crisis</span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">Katanga</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Invasion_of_South_Kasai" title="Invasion of South Kasai">Invasion</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Free_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Free Republic of the Congo">Congo-Stanleyville</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">UN intervention</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Operation_Rum_Punch" title="Operation Rum Punch"><i>Rum Punch</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Niemba_ambush" title="Niemba ambush">Niemba ambush</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Battle_of_Kabalo" title="Battle of Kabalo">Battle of Kabalo</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Siege_of_Jadotville" title="Siege of Jadotville">Jadotville</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Operation_Unokat" title="Operation Unokat"><i>UNOKAT</i></a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Attack_on_Camp_Massart" title="Attack on Camp Massart">Camp Massart</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Operation_Grandslam" title="Operation Grandslam"><i>Grandslam</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kindu_atrocity" title="Kindu atrocity">Kindu atrocity</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Port_Francqui_incident" title="Port Francqui incident">Port Francqui incident</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kanyarwanda_War" title="Kanyarwanda War">Kanyarwanda War</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kwilu_rebellion" title="Kwilu rebellion">Kwilu rebellion</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a> </span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Operation_Dragon_Rouge" title="Operation Dragon Rouge"><i>Dragon Rouge</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><i>Dragon Noir</i></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Operation_White_Giant" title="Operation White Giant"><i>White Giant</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Operation_Violettes_Imperiales" title="Operation Violettes Imperiales"><i>Violettes Imperiales</i></a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Operation_South" title="Operation South"><i>South</i></a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Stanleyville_mutinies" title="Stanleyville mutinies">Stanleyville mutinies</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Other major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Dissolution_of_the_Lumumba_Government" title="Dissolution of the Lumumba Government">Dissolution of the Lumumba Government</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Patrice_Lumumba#Final_days_and_execution" title="Patrice Lumumba">Torture and killing of Lumumba</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Death_of_Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Dag Hammarskjöld">Death of Dag Hammarskjöld</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Belgian_general_strike_of_1960%E2%80%931961" title="Belgian general strike of 1960–1961">Belgian general strike of 1960–1961</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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